Tribal communities in this district are socially well organized with their headmen and tribal chiefs, known as gameti, being the social leaders. Their customs and social practices are largely tribal but some influence of non-tribal, practices has taken place. Bride price is prevalent, the girl lives in her husband's home after marriage, and both boys and girls are valued though there is discrimination against women. Nuclear families are the norm. A tribal family in this part has all adult brothers and their families and non-adult siblings along with parents loving of the family's total land and animal resources. This continues until all brothers get married of when land is distributed and each household earns of its own allotted land. Thus nuclear families get promoted regularly in the family life cycle. The tribal families usually reside in homesteads each perched on one hillock at times up to1/2 km away from their nearest neighbour.
Freedom and mobility for boys and girls is more than that in non-tribal communities. The importance given to basic schooling for children is increasing compared to the situation even ten years earlier. Higher education is still not given much importance. The general orientation to life is one of living in the present - future orientation, long term outlook, long term investment in self and in resources is still quite foreign to their way of thinking even though certain amount of change has occurred on this front.
Land ownership is more egalitarian than is other parts of the country - this is true of Rajasthan as a state also. Almost all families do own some land. The average land holding in Dungarpur is 1.38 ha. (1996-97). Landlessness among the tribal is very low. For the district as a whole about 13.6percent of the main workers are agricultural laborers (91 Census). Livestock ownership is also fairly widespread with preference for small ruminants like goats and sheep. Some families keep cows. Poultry - hens and cocks are also reared. Bullocks are kept for farming purposes. The livelihood system is a combination of subsistence farming, livestock and/or its produce selling, and manual labor. Some forest produce gathering and selling is also done in very small, scattered pockets where forest cover exists. The produce from the land lasts most families for 3-5 months. In a better-endowed situation this may stretch to 8-10 months. Very few families have enough produce from the land to last them for the whole year. Barring these, the remaining families have to generate sufficient income in cash/kind from skilled/unskilled manual labor, providing services, trading to see them through the months of shortfall. Migration for work is very common with most families going to the neighboring state of Gujarat.
Generally, tribal communities are more egalitarian in social structure than non-tribal communities. The relative mobility and freedom of women, the nuclear family structure, the more or less equal value placed on boys and girls, the active involvement of women in economic activities, the prevalence of bride price in marriage, the absence of a strict caste hierarchy, the effective social mechanisms for enforcing agreed upon social behavior and conduct norms, the community mutual help arrangements are some of the manifestations of the egalitarian social structure of tribal. Their attitudes and outlook to life are more oriented to the present with very little concern for long term or future consequences. This has changed a little over the past couple of decades as reflected in the investment made in the schooling of children, in farm improvement and asset creation, in medium gestation activities. In willingness to go in for medium and long-term borrowing.
The skills and capacities of the tribal in Dungarpur are subsistence oriented - they are not very well versed in commercial activities of a scale beyond the household level. There is diffidence about large-scale transactions and about venturing into untried and new ventures. The uncertainty of returns from subsistence agriculture and the easy availability of labor work through seasonal migration have reinforced this diffidence.
A general fear of officialdom and low levels of awareness raising about various government schemes and programs as well high illiteracy levels has left them largely out of the organizational and institutional functioning of the government. This has also contributed to their low capacities in managing organizational for a as written transactions independent of outside help. While there is considerable initiative in mobilizing for labor opportunities through migration, there is not similar initiative in mobilizing for collection active action to put pressure on the official system to provide them their entitlements.
The need for intervention functions is in awareness raising about various development programs and schemes, in exposure about self managed collective ventures, in organizational functioning, in managerial inputs for commercial transactions of scale, in managing groups and leadership, in legalities and procedural requirements, in adult literacy, in technical and vocational skills for men and women both keeping in mind their different levels at present on these various aspects.
Freedom and mobility for boys and girls is more than that in non-tribal communities. The importance given to basic schooling for children is increasing compared to the situation even ten years earlier. Higher education is still not given much importance. The general orientation to life is one of living in the present - future orientation, long term outlook, long term investment in self and in resources is still quite foreign to their way of thinking even though certain amount of change has occurred on this front.
Land ownership is more egalitarian than is other parts of the country - this is true of Rajasthan as a state also. Almost all families do own some land. The average land holding in Dungarpur is 1.38 ha. (1996-97). Landlessness among the tribal is very low. For the district as a whole about 13.6percent of the main workers are agricultural laborers (91 Census). Livestock ownership is also fairly widespread with preference for small ruminants like goats and sheep. Some families keep cows. Poultry - hens and cocks are also reared. Bullocks are kept for farming purposes. The livelihood system is a combination of subsistence farming, livestock and/or its produce selling, and manual labor. Some forest produce gathering and selling is also done in very small, scattered pockets where forest cover exists. The produce from the land lasts most families for 3-5 months. In a better-endowed situation this may stretch to 8-10 months. Very few families have enough produce from the land to last them for the whole year. Barring these, the remaining families have to generate sufficient income in cash/kind from skilled/unskilled manual labor, providing services, trading to see them through the months of shortfall. Migration for work is very common with most families going to the neighboring state of Gujarat.
Generally, tribal communities are more egalitarian in social structure than non-tribal communities. The relative mobility and freedom of women, the nuclear family structure, the more or less equal value placed on boys and girls, the active involvement of women in economic activities, the prevalence of bride price in marriage, the absence of a strict caste hierarchy, the effective social mechanisms for enforcing agreed upon social behavior and conduct norms, the community mutual help arrangements are some of the manifestations of the egalitarian social structure of tribal. Their attitudes and outlook to life are more oriented to the present with very little concern for long term or future consequences. This has changed a little over the past couple of decades as reflected in the investment made in the schooling of children, in farm improvement and asset creation, in medium gestation activities. In willingness to go in for medium and long-term borrowing.
The skills and capacities of the tribal in Dungarpur are subsistence oriented - they are not very well versed in commercial activities of a scale beyond the household level. There is diffidence about large-scale transactions and about venturing into untried and new ventures. The uncertainty of returns from subsistence agriculture and the easy availability of labor work through seasonal migration have reinforced this diffidence.
A general fear of officialdom and low levels of awareness raising about various government schemes and programs as well high illiteracy levels has left them largely out of the organizational and institutional functioning of the government. This has also contributed to their low capacities in managing organizational for a as written transactions independent of outside help. While there is considerable initiative in mobilizing for labor opportunities through migration, there is not similar initiative in mobilizing for collection active action to put pressure on the official system to provide them their entitlements.
The need for intervention functions is in awareness raising about various development programs and schemes, in exposure about self managed collective ventures, in organizational functioning, in managerial inputs for commercial transactions of scale, in managing groups and leadership, in legalities and procedural requirements, in adult literacy, in technical and vocational skills for men and women both keeping in mind their different levels at present on these various aspects.
